佛教, 佛陀, 别名, 含义

菩提草

【佛、薄伽梵者，谓：如来、应、正等觉、明行圆满、善逝、世间解、无上士调御丈夫、天人师、佛、薄伽梵。】



　　
这是称颂、忆念如来具足十种功德名号。“佛、薄伽梵”是总标，以下是别列十号
　　
“佛”，完整的古印度语音应为“佛陀”（Buddha），是“觉悟”或“增广”的意思。由于佛已“断尽烦恼障和所知障，觉慧增广”，故得是称号。又由于佛“为救护彼无知睡眠所昏迷之有情，令其醒悟”，故得是称号。又由于佛“对于一切所知境界，妙智增广”，故得是称号。一是约断德圆满；二是约悲德圆满；三是约智德圆满；是三种德具足圆满，号称“佛陀”。
　　
“薄伽梵”（Bhagavan），也是古印度语音译，有“破坏”、“具有”二义。显示佛能破除四魔，于破四魔中尤以破除天魔为最。谓佛在菩提树下，破除魔军而成正觉，号“薄伽梵”。又“薄伽梵”具有“自在、炽盛、端严、名称、吉祥、尊贵”六义而得名。汉文经典专就“尊贵”一义译称“世尊”。六义广如《佛地经》说。《瑜伽师地论》就破与具二义而说，即“能破诸大力军众，具多功德，名薄伽梵”。
　　
“如来”，梵语“多陀阿伽陀”（Tathagata），藏文也有译“如去”的，是“如实无倒宣说正法”之意。《瑜伽》说：“言无虚妄，故名如来”。正是显诸佛如实说法的德号。
　　
“应”，是梵语“阿罗汉”（Arhat）的意译，古译为“应供”。谓佛已断尽一切烦恼，应受人天供养而无愧德。

“阿罗汉”原具三义，曰“杀贼”，曰“无生”，曰“应供”。

“阿罗”是贼义，“汉”是杀义；佛已能断尽损害有情一切烦恼怨贼故。

“阿罗”是生义，“汉”是无义；“阿罗汉”于五趣、四生等生死法中，不复生故。

又译为“应”者，如《成唯识论》释，谓应永害烦恼怨贼，应受世间微妙供养，应不复受分段生死，故得“应”名；也即是《瑜伽》说的：“已得一切所应得义，应作世间无上福田，应为一切恭敬供养，是故名应。”

阿罗汉三义，虽为声闻乘人极果所共有；在佛的十号中，以“应永害一切烦恼怨贼”的断德圆满而立称，二乘人虽断烦恼而尚余习气故。
　　
“正等觉”是梵语“三藐三菩提”的意译（samyak-sambuddha）的意译，谓：佛能真正无倒遍觉诸法；有些译师译为“正遍觉知”或“正等正觉”等等。《瑜伽》称为“如其胜义觉诸法故；名正等觉”，则是显诸佛智德圆满以立号。
　　
“明行圆满”或“明行足”梵语“鞞侈遮罗那三般那”（Vidyacarana-sampanna）。“明”，指智证；“行”指实践修行；佛于二者圆满具足，故得是称号。
　　
“明”与“行”的意义

若就法门具体内容来说，八圣支道中的正见为“明”，正思惟、正语、正业、正命、正精进，正念、正定为“行”；佛果菩提的大道，以八圣道为目为足，才能到达究竟涅盘。明如目，行如足，目足并运，直入宝所。

约三增上学说，慧是“明”，戒定是“行”，三学圆满，方能成佛。

更广泛的来说，宿命明（宿住随念智通），天眼明（生死智通）、漏尽明（漏尽智通）的三明为“明”，明前之“戒圆满、行圆满、防护圆满及现法乐住之增上心学”为“行”。
　　
一般佛经中有如下的叙述，谓佛于菩提树下，最后夜思惟证得“三明”的过程是：初夜分观察前际，得宿住随念智证通，能遍见一切有情过去无量生事；中夜分遍观一切所应断法、所应证法、所应觉法，即能永断、证得、现正等觉；后夜分得漏尽证通；如是成一切智，圆满三明。
　　
于三明前所应修习之“行”：

第一是戒圆满，谓具六支，即“善受尸罗（戒）、安住别解脱律仪、轨则圆满、行境圆满、于诸小罪见大怖畏、受学学处”六支圆满，戒才清净；为得清净三摩地故，应修正行圆满，谓于一切威仪中安住正知

第二是防护圆满，谓使眼、耳等根，于见色闻声等境时，不取行相，不取随好，防护诸根故，即能修习妙三摩地。这里指的妙三摩地，就是现法乐住四种静处增上心学，是中以第四静虑修诸功德力量为最胜。由修得清净三摩地，即能修习六种神通，谓神境通、天耳通、他心通，加上三明，总称三明六通。
　　
从清净戒、四静虑到证得三明，是为“明行圆满”。佛为人天大师，明行圆满功德之因唯佛究竟，故立是果号。
　　
“善逝”是梵语“修伽陀”（Sugata）的意译，也有译为“好去”、“好说”等。“逝”，是去或到义；“善”，是有不退转或究竟无余义。由不退转义，安隐而逝，说名“善逝”。外道异学虽也有得定得通，但其功德定会退失，不名善逝；二乘有学、无学所得功德虽不退失，然非圆满通达一切所知境，也不名“善逝”。于此二义唯佛为最，故立是号。
　　
“世间解”是梵语“路伽惫”（Lokavid）的意译，也有译为“知世间”的。佛化世间以二事显：一是洞解世间有情，谁于佛有缘，谁于佛无缘；二是调伏世间有缘有情。调佛世尊昼夜六时，常以佛眼洞察世间诸有情类，升沈诸趣，谁陷欲泥，谁乐善净；于於受化，方便济拔令出苦轮。谓于无善根者令种善根，于已种善根者令得增长，置人天路，趣涅槃城。故佛于世间，不唯洞解有情世间，亦能洞解非情的器世间，以是智德号“世间解”。故《瑜伽》说，佛是“善知世界及有情界，一切品类染净相故，名世间解。”
　　
“无上士调御丈夫”，是显示佛教化有缘有情世间的功德。梵语“阿耨多罗”（Anuttara），意译“无上”；“富楼沙昙藐菩罗提(purusa-damya-sarathi)，意译“调御丈夫”。佛于有情中最上第一，犹如涅盘于法中最上第一。此号具四义：
　　
一、谓于难调伏有情中，具用殊胜调御方便法门，如贪烦恼重的难陀，嗔烦恼重的指蔓，痴烦恼重的优楼频罗迦叶等，诸难调者悉能调伏故；
二、显佛所说调伏法门殊胜易行，谓以远离欲乐、远离无益苦行、二边之八圣支道的中道教调伏有情故；
三、以最胜大涅盘果调伏有情故；
四、令所调伏有情毕竟不退故。
　　
具足四义，唯佛得号“无上士调御丈夫”。佛不仅于有缘有情、即无缘有情也能普令饶益。云何无缘有情？谓无三乘解脱种姓。佛于是辈以五戒、十善方便法门，安置人天善趣。云何有缘有情？谓具三乘解脱种姓。佛于是以声闻、缘觉、菩萨之法，安置三乘三种菩提。复于不定种有情，佛终令其趣入无住大般涅盘。《瑜伽》言：“一切世间唯一丈夫，善知调心最胜方便，是故名无上士调御丈夫。”正是显示出佛化有情随机设教的殊胜功德。
　　
“天人师”，梵语“舍多提婆魔　舍喃”（sasta　devamanusyanam），谓佛说法利生事业所依止处，唯天与人二趣。谓五趣中唯这二趣是五种姓中，无姓天人与三乘种姓所共同受生之处，诸佛唯现生人间，于人间天上说法教诫，等益有情，令趣善趣与安隐涅盘。有情诸趣中，唯人与天是能堪受佛法的法器，也唯佛能教导令其受益，故佛称天人之师。《瑜伽》说佛：“能正教诫，教授天人，令其离一切众苦，是故说佛名人天师。”
　　
“佛、薄伽梵”，即“佛、世尊”的译音。具足所有功德圆满无缺，曰“佛、世尊”。:跪拜:

[ 本帖最後由 菩提草 於 2008-4-19 18:53 編輯 ]

dye

a) There is a post marketing safety survellience.  No such mechanism is known for Chinese medicine for such a long time.  In mordern medicine, they know about the side effect.

b) Chinese medicine also have branches that deal with emergency.  They have fascinating drug to stop bleeding if you servere your arm (Yun Nan Bai Yau).  

c) If it is modern medicine, someone do know where and how it is made.  It has a manufacturing address, code, and a scientific method.  It has enough information to let you trace back to which batch (whenever you need to know)  Typically on a mordern medicine (besides the code and manufacturer's name)



For Chinese medicine, it depends on which medicine and what company you are buying from. (Typically how it looks like when it is sold, do you have the slightest idea where it is made?)



d) For economic incentive, both are similiar.  At least mordern medicine manufacturer has a reputation to keep, it will give them some incentive to think long term, Chinese medicine are mostly collected some unknown fellow...  If everything depends on a single person ability, and a person only live for 70years (30 years of practise), the person incentive will only be 30 years.  Wheras a company has infinite lifetime, its incentive will be forever at a decreasing rate as risk demolish it.

When mordern medicine causes a side effect, you complain and turn to alternative.  When Chinese medicine causes a side effect, you go to a hospital.

When Chinese medicine goes through the scientific trial and demonstrate it works, it becomes part of mordern medicine (some already has).  When they fail, they remain to be.. Chinese medicine.

-----------------
Don't be mistaken, quite a number of Chinese medicine is not 'herbal' at all.  They are animals (or parts of an animal)

[ 本帖最後由 dye 於 2008-4-23 09:26 編輯 ]

prussianz

原帖由 秀雲 於 2008-4-22 10:07 發表
心靈的力量是現代科學難以證明的，我絲毫不低估基督徒祈禱的力量

小姐 對 基教，

雖有不滿 , 但仍客觀,;--^)

感謝敢謝

原帖由 秀雲 於 2008-4-22 14:28 發表


當然，反效果也是效果，這不正說明了心靈的力量嗎？有反效果當然也有正效果，只不過在基教中萬里挑一。不過基教那么多的見證也不一定全是說謊吧。 ...

[ 本帖最後由 prussianz 於 2008-4-23 08:37 編輯 ]

Nomad

>The major weakness of Chinese medicine as I remember is that fact that they are poisonous in a long run (that is, the medicine will accumulate in you and kills you in the end).  It is a reasonable result for a medical field that is developed without vigorous scientific observation.

Actually, I heard, and personally, saw the reverse - western medicine often ignores long term effect, and heavily rely on techniques that basically abandons part of your body, also medicine corporations are very reluctant to give study to very long term effects (like things happens after, say 20 years) that are neither trival nor easily done in the lab. (In fact, they won't even study for a possible treatment for some stomach ache with anti-biotics when the bio-physics studies so clearly shows that it was caused by a parasite.)
(Seriously, you'll never get to know how disgustingly unprofessional that industry actually is, it really works only because of all the crazy regulations... yet the regulations prevents competition and fuel more unprofessionalness in the industry.)

As far as I know the greatest problem in Chinese medicine are rather the following:

1. That it fails to treat very urgent situations - say, Chinese clinical message can manage your pain without the use of medicine, but can't help your arms when it's cut off. (western surgeons though, have amazing skills at reconnecting dismembered limbs) Similarly, if you're sick to the point of requiring instant medical attention, don't go for the Chinese doctor - their medicine often takes days to work.
2. The quality of Chinese medicine heavily depends on the skill of the doctor - while western medicine have very, very standardized education (to the point where they can train an absolute idiot into your General Doctor in the clinic), Chinese medicine is still seeking that standard language. So while the very skillful doctor may get your asthma without you ever knowing it, the bad one ... well, ranges from killing you 20 years later to killing you the very night you drink his medicine. Guess that's the "long term poison effect" you're talking about. (Often times your statement could mean eating some vegetable can kill you 20 years later ... which is often times what Chinese medicine is)

In fact my Chinese family doctor teaches courses in CUHK, did have this very famous quote: "Nobody knows who is making your medicine and where and how it's made. That's why there're too many fraud medicine everywhere in the world." Well, as good an manifestation of Buddha's teaching it is, I still keep my doctor's word in mind.

抽刀斷水

原帖由 口琴王 於 2008-4-22 16:47 發表
dye,你的英文好厉害，
看你的文章时，
我要拿着一本字典翻了。

不能輸入中文字，這是缺憾，不值得讚美。

試試用「翻譯」按鈕，可能可減少翻字典的次數。

龍井樹

dye 很多字連字典都沒有的, 我通常都懶得讀.

口琴王

dye,你的英文好厉害，
看你的文章时，
我要拿着一本字典翻了。

dye

I look at his website.  I look at the section concerning vaccination and go "This is bull"

Vaccination (as a technique) works.  It is proven by numerous experiment and field works.  If he disagrees, please try to learn about it first.

If he still disagree, I suggest he publish a paper on medical journal and get the next Nobel Prize/Shaw Award.

--------------
For example, 病毒打进了人体之后是否真的会产生抗体？
It can be demonstrated by vacination and a blood test afterward.

产生了之后是否真的可以日后防病？
Same as above.

即使可以，有效多久？
Same as above.

口琴王

原帖由 prussianz 於 2008-4-22 08:10 發表


早上好，
早晨，菩提草哥哥

,,,,,,,,, 我不敢轻于汝等，汝等皆当作佛！'''''''''

我很喜歡 這句話，是 口琴王 哥哥 作的，

my own version designed for you : :::::
,,,,,,,,, 我不敢轻汝，汝皆当作佛！'''''''''

感謝
感+謝
...

拜托，
不是我作的，
是常不轻菩萨说的。

摘录自妙法莲花经，常不轻菩萨品：

过去有佛，号威音王，神智无量，将导一切， 天人龙神、所共供养。是佛灭后，法欲尽时， 有一菩萨、名常不轻。时诸四众、计著于法。 不轻菩萨、往到其所，而语之言，我不轻汝， 汝等行道，皆当作佛。诸人闻已，轻毁骂詈， 不轻菩萨，能忍受之。其罪毕已，临命终时， 得闻此经，六根清净，神通力故，增益寿命， 复为诸人，广说是经。诸著法众，皆蒙菩萨， 教化成就、令住佛道。不轻命终，值无数佛， 说是经故，得无量福，渐具功德，疾成佛道。 彼时不轻，则我身是。时四部众、著法之者， 闻不轻言、汝当作佛，以是因缘，值无数佛。 此会菩萨、五百之众，并及四部，清信士女， 今于我前，听法者是。我于前世，劝是诸人， 听受斯经，第一之法。开示教人，令住涅槃， 世世受持，如是经典。亿亿万劫，至不可议， 时乃得闻，是法华经。亿亿万劫，至不可议， 诸佛世尊、时说是经。是故行者、于佛灭后， 闻如是经，勿生疑惑。应当一心、广说此经， 世世值佛，疾成佛道。


[ 本帖最後由 口琴王 於 2008-4-22 16:08 編輯 ]

dye

You are taking a psychological influence to be spiritual?  That is different.

--------------------
Consider the typial con-artist game, if this is spiritual, I am an Angel.

A 'doctor' is administrating you a bottle of water. (One of the 'alternate medicine popular in UK)
You drink it believing it is medicine.
You feel your sickness is heal afterward.

OR

A Benny Hinn is telling you that God is going to heal your asthma.
You believe him
You feel your sickness is heal afterward.

-------------------------
Do you realize that the person do not need to be prayed for to have the effect?

In any case, playing with placebo is part of medical treatment too.  Only that science tells people the limitation of the technique.

[ 本帖最後由 dye 於 2008-4-22 16:06 編輯 ]

秀雲

原帖由 龍井樹 於 2008-4-22 14:57 發表
我說真神奇，不過是跟你開玩笑。你先讀一讀那篇報導，讀完你就會明白為什麼會出現反效果。原因其實一點都不神奇。

即是知道有人為你祈禱，你就有壓力，你要「有所表現」，唔想衰畀人睇，這樣反而令你的病情差了。此外，當他們知道有專人為自己祈禱時，他們心想：「弊，一定係我個病好嚴重，不然點會無端端有人替我祈禱呢……嘩……好驚呀……」這樣，病情當然差啦。

這也是心靈作用的一部分～～～

dye

It prove exactly Richard Dawkins point that pseudo-science user reject science when it contradicts their claim

-----------------------
“Double blind prayer experiment ”，這種實驗毫無意義。心靈的力量是現代科學難以證明的，我絲毫不低估基督徒祈禱的力量。

------------
But jump quickly to science when it has any hints that suuport their claim

-----------------

當然，反效果也是效果，這不正說明了心靈的力量嗎？有反效果當然也有正效果，只不過在基教中萬里挑一。

龍井樹

我說真神奇，不過是跟你開玩笑。你先讀一讀那篇報導，讀完你就會明白為什麼會出現反效果。原因其實一點都不神奇。

dye

Incorrect the study only show that when you think someone is praying for you, your health is worst.  Whether the person is praying for you does not matter. (They split the group to 4)

The actually praying has no effect whatsoever.

It only further the point of psychological effect have on people.  When you know someone is praying for you, it stresses you out.
-------------

The key problem in here is not that the Christian is lying, but that fact that we, as human, have limited natural mathematic ability.

We only improve this ability after education and be able to see the faulty thinking.

dye

If any treatment work, they will pass through the clinical trial required.  Quite a number of Chinese medicine has pass through the test.  The major weakness of Chinese medicine as I remember is that fact that they are poisonous in a long run (that is, the medicine will accumulate in you and kills you in the end).  It is a reasonable result for a medical field that is developed without vigorous scientific observation.

-----------------
Science is base on observation, not ideology.  If there is any substance in the medical claim, there are many medical journal to submit a paper.

-------------
Read on Economic Journal from a medical specialist about how various medicine work, you will quickly be facinated by how many tactic is employed by modern medicine.

------------------
Doctor only tell people about the effect of weed, what the public decided to do about it is politics.  (That is, the banning of it is politics; the effect of weed is scientific question, not merely an opinion)

--------------------
If your hypothesis is "由於多國禁止吸食大麻，導致很多人精神因而無法宣洩而產生精神病", you may wish to demonstrate the point scientifically.  Or at least statistically first.

Is there more people with mental sickness in US, China, HK, etc, as compare to Netherland?

Clinically, we can have subjects with mental illness taking weed and check the effect afterward.

Or, if the effect you claim is preventive, we can study groups in the society who takes weed compare with those that do not and compare their mental health.

From evidence collected at this moment in time, smoking of weed is positively correlated to mental illness.
--------------

PS Medical circle KNOW about the placebo effect.

[ 本帖最後由 dye 於 2008-4-22 15:06 編輯 ]

沙文

我一早就知道了！從前考試，老師出題：「試論世界大戰的起因」，我答：「因為大秦景教常常祈求世界和平。」
事實証明我是100分的！

秀雲

原帖由 龍井樹 於 2008-4-22 14:16 發表

證明了。證明祈禱有反效果，真神奇。
http://exchristian.hk/forum/viewthread.php?tid=989&highlight=%E7%A5%88%E7%A6%B1

當然，反效果也是效果，這不正說明了心靈的力量嗎？有反效果當然也有正效果，只不過在基教中萬里挑一。不過基教那么多的見證也不一定全是說謊吧。

龍井樹

原帖由 秀雲 於 2008-4-22 13:46 發表

心靈的力量是現代科學難以證明的，我絲毫不低估基督徒祈禱的力量。

證明了。證明祈禱有反效果，真神奇。
http://exchristian.hk/forum/viewthread.php?tid=989&highlight=%E7%A5%88%E7%A6%B1

抽刀斷水

假如患者是自然療法之類的信徒，你叫他們看醫生即是相當於殺了他們了。他們會介紹許多特別的療法，如手療、尿療、同位療法、雙氧水療法等，眼界大開。

香港推廣者有著名的周兆祥先生：http://www.simonchau.hk/

某程度上我也頗不同意西方醫學的對抗性概念，因此我小病也不會看醫生。一些大麻的愛好者，甚至認為由於多國禁止吸食大麻，導致很多人精神因而無法宣洩而產生精神病。

秀雲

原帖由 dye 於 2008-4-22 10:44 發表
What I mean is something I study in 'Industrial Managment', something handy when managing a factory of any sort.

Just like Budha, perhaps it is best by illustrating rather than explaining in words, e ...

佛陀那個關于毒箭的比喻，我明白你的意思了。

“Double blind prayer experiment ”，這種實驗毫無意義。心靈的力量是現代科學難以證明的，我絲毫不低估基督徒祈禱的力量。只不過在佛教看來，祈禱無助于解脫罷了，但要尋求世間法的幫助，祈禱并非無益。我給你轉篇南懷瑾佛教修行教學講座稿中的一段---------


當年在北方，這幾十年沒有了，還有個教派，在黃河南北叫“理”門。理教不抽煙、不喝酒，戒律很清嚴，都是在家人。所以一來，一看。你是在理的啊。不錯，我在理，道理那個理，理教。理教也有密宗的，修五個字的咒語，有個咒語只五個字。傳給你了以後，你好好去修。刀也砍不進，槍也打不進來，那個神通廣大。當年我們年輕的時候都要去摸一下看。這五個字的咒語有那麽大的威力，而且不出聲的念，要命的時候才出聲，威力大得很。結果就去找師父，拜師呀！要供養拿供養，要叩頭就叩頭。不光叩頭，連叩腿都幹啊！連兩條腿跪下來。連磕頭跪下來，只要你傳給我能夠得道，結果傳了五個字秘密真言。六耳不同傳，你兩個人和師父，六個耳朵，不傳了。只能他嘴唇傳到你耳朵裏，這個秘密吧。結果傳了。五個字，我現在把它公開了，你們好好去修，也有威力無比。哪五個字啊，要不要呀？要不要聽呀？你看，好奇的又來了。我們好奇朋友。五個字，秘密得很哦。觀世音菩薩。你們不要笑哦。為什麽你，我們念起來不靈，就是因為給你這一笑，笑壞了，真的哦。他絕對的誠懇，相信。那個精神合一，它絕對起作用。所以我講我這些親自經歷的故事給你們聽，我比釋迦牟尼佛拜的那些旁門左道的那些玩得多了。還有，在武漢那個階段。湖南有一派。一杯水，拿來放在手上，都不是出家人，在家人。你生病，念咒子。念完了，拿去喝了，病就好了。真的哦。也是三教合一的。這個很稀奇，結果又去拜門。那很困難了，什麽引禮師、引證師、這個師、那個師，已經把你一身都撕破了，然後才找到那個老師。找到了，總算傳給你道，他們用得靈，我用不靈，同你們一樣的。觀世音菩薩，你們嘿嘿一笑當然不靈了。結果他傳給我什麽東西啊，我以為也是大悲咒，也是密宗，不是。大學之道在明明德，在親民，在止於至善。知止而後有定，定而後能靜……我十一歲都背得滾瓜一樣的熟了，還聽你這一套，可是他們用得靈。所以，靈不靈不在經典不在咒語，還是民間中國文化三個字，誠則靈。所以基督教講信者得救，不是沒有道理啊。就是這個道理。


正如圣經所說：

你們若有信心像一粒芥菜種，就是對這座山說，‘你從這邊挪到那邊’，它也必挪去，並且你們沒有一件不能作的事了。”（太17：20）

[ 本帖最後由 秀雲 於 2008-4-22 14:10 編輯 ]